ABSTRACT
The present work was aimed at optimizing a culture medium for biomass production and phenolic compounds by using Ganoderma lucidum. The culture was optimized in two stages; a Plackett-Burman design was used in the first one for identifying key components in the medium and a central composite design was used in the second one for optimizing their concentration. Both responses (biomass and phenolic compounds) were simultaneously optimized by the latter methodology regarding desirability, and the optimal concentrations obtained were 50.00 g/L sucrose, 13.29 g/L yeast extract and 2.99 g/L olive oil. Maximum biomass production identified in these optimal conditions was 9.5 g/L and that for phenolic compounds was 0.0452 g/L, this being 100% better than that obtained in the media usually used in the laboratory. Similar patterns regarding chemical characterization and biological activity towards Aspergillus sp., from both fruiting body and mycelium-derived secondary metabolites and extracts obtained in the proposed medium were observed. It was shown that such statistical methodologies are useful for optimizing fermentation and, in the specific case of G. lucidum, optimizing processes for its production and its metabolites in submerged culture as an alternative to traditional culture.
Subject(s)
Biomass , Phenolic Compounds/analysis , Culture Media/analysis , Mycelium/isolation & purification , Reishi/isolation & purification , Methodology as a Subject , Process Optimization , MethodsABSTRACT
Objetivo. Sintetizar y realizar la evaluación preliminar de la actividad antifúngica in vitro de oximas, éteres de oxima e isoxazoles. Materiales y métodos. Las oximas se sintetizaron a partir de aldehídos o cetonas con NH2OH.HCl y K2CO3. Los éteres de oxima se obtuvieron mediante alquilación de oximas con bromuro de propargilo o bromuro de 2-bromobencilo, empleando como base NaOH y acetona como solvente. Los isoxazoles se obtuvieron mediante cicloadiciones 1,3-dipolares empleando nitrato cérico amónico (NAC), cloramina-T (CAT) y NaOCl. Los productos fueron identificados y/o caracterizados por resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) y espectrometría de masas (EM). Se realizaron pruebas de inhibición de crecimiento radial sobre Aspergillus niger y Fusarium roseum. Resultados. Se obtuvieron cinco oximas, siete éteres de oxima, cuatro de ellos nuevos y cuatro nuevos isoxazoles. Las sustancias evaluadas presentaron actividad antifúngica a cantidades de 1,5 mg y 3,0 mg. Conclusiones. Aunque las cicloadiciones 1,3-dipolares permitieron obtener los isoxazoles esperados, se observó que ésta metodología generó una amplia variedad de subproductos lo que disminuyó los rendimientos e hizo difícil la purificación del producto de interés. Cuatro de las sustancias evaluadas presentaron porcentajes de inhibición superiores al 80%...
Synthesis and in vitro assessment of antifungal activity of oximes, oxime ethers and isoxazoles. Objective. To synthesize and carry out a preliminary evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity of oximes, oxime ethers and isoxazoles. Materials and methods. Oximes were synthesized from aldehydes or ketones with NH2OH.HCl and K2CO3. Oxime ethers were prepared by alkylation of oximes with propargyl bromide or 2-bromobenzyl bromide, using NaOH as base and acetone as solvent. The isoxazoles were obtained by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), chloramine T (CAT) and NaOCl. Products were identified or characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Radial growth inhibition assays against Aspergillus niger and Fusarium roseum were carried out. Results. Five oximes, seven oxime ethers, four of them new, and four new isoxazoles were obtained. The assessed substances exhibited antifungal activity in amounts of 1,5 mg and 3,0 mg. Conclusions. Although 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions allowed to obtain the desired isoxazoles, this methodology produced a wide variety of side products that reduced yields and made difficult the purification of the target products. Four of the tested compounds showed inhibition percentages greater than 80%...
Síntese e avaliação in vitro da atividade antifúngica de oximas, éteres de oxima e isoxazóis. Objetivo. Sintetizar e realizar a avaliação preliminar da atividade antifúngica in vitro de oximas, éteres de oxima e isoxazóis. Materiais e métodos. As oximas foram sintetizadas a partir de aldeídos ou cetonas com NH2OH.HCl e K2CO3. Os éteres de oxima foram obtidos pela alquilação de oximas com brometo de propargilo ou brometo de 2-bromobenzilo, utilizando NaOH como base e acetona como solvente. Os isoxazóis foram obtidos por cicloadição 1,3-dipolar usando nitrato cérico de amônio (NCA), cloramina-T (CAT) e NaOCl. Os produtos foram identificados e / ou caracterizados por ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e espectrometria de massas (EM). Foram realizados testes de inibição sobre o crescimento radial de Aspergillus niger e Fusarium roseum. Resultados. Foram obtidas cinco oximas, sete éteres de oxima, quatro deles novos e quatro novos isoxazóis. As substâncias testadas apresentaram atividade antifúngica em quantidades de 1,5 mg e 3,0 mg. Conclusões. Embora as cicloadições 1,3-dipolares permitiram obter os isoxazóis esperados, observou-se que esta metodologia resultou numa grande variedade de subprodutos que reduziram os rendimentos e tornaram difícil a purificação do produto de interesse. Quatro das substâncias testadas apresentaram porcentagens de inibição acima de 80%...
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/analysis , Antifungal Agents/adverse effects , Oximes , EthersABSTRACT
A leishmaniose é considerada uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade a nível mundial, principalmente nos países tropicais. As formas cutânea e mucocutânea são causadas, entre outras espécies, por Leishmania braziliensis. Na procura de compostos leishmanicidas de origem natural, foi estudada a atividade da mistura de alcalóides de Ervatamia coronaria (Apocynaceae) contra amastigotas de L. braziliensis em 6 concentrações diferentes (1, 10, 20, 25, 50 e 100 µg/mL). Foram tratados macrófagos de ratos da linha J774, infectados com promastigotas de L. braziliensis, com a mistura de alcalóides 1 hora após-infecção e diariamente por 3 dias sem mudança de meio. As experiências de citotoxicidade foram efetuadas sobre os macrófagos com azul tripam. Todos os cultivos foram feitos de forma triplicada e os grupos de controle não foram submetidos à mistura de alcalóides. Foi obtido que o composto adicionado exerce atividade doses/dependente sobre a parasita. No entanto, as concentrações mais altas (50 e 100 µg/mL), adicionado durante 3 dias, mostraram os maiores índices de infecção, provavelmente devido a diminuição no número de macrófagos, sobre os quais não foi observado efeito tóxico do tratamento durante 24 horas DL50/24h = 233,52 µg/mL. Os resultados dessa pesquisa revelaram uma nova atividade farmacológica de alcalóides da espécie Ervatamia coronaria sobre a forma amastigota de Leishmania braziliensis, com IC50 = 2,6 e 12,4 µg/mL sem mostrar toxicidade sobre a célula hospedeira.
Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania sp., is one of the mean reason of considerable mortality and morbidity throughout the world, especially in the tropics. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous manifestations are caused by Leishmania braziliensis, and the cutaneous form is the most common one in Colombia. In the search for antileishmanial compounds from natural sources, we studied the alkaloids mixture from Ervatamia coronaria against L. braziliensis at six different concentrations (1.0, 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL). Macrophages J774 infected with L. braziliensis were treated with alkaloids one hour, and once a day for three days, after parasitic infection and preserving the same culture medium. Cytotoxicity with trypan blue was undertaken in macrophages J774 by using the same concentrations. Three different cultures samples were carried out. As a control we used medium alone. The alkaloids mix showed a dose/dependent activity on amastigote, but by increasing concentrations from 50 to 100 µg/mL for three days, we saw a high index of infection, probably caused by cellular death. We did not see any toxic effect on macrophages J774 at 100 µg/mL, LD50/24h= 233.52 µg/mL. These results revealed a novel pharmacological activity of alkaloids from E. coronaria against amastigotes of L. braziliensis IC50 = 2.6 and 12.4 µg/mL without toxicity on host cells.